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Palaces: Yogyakarta Palace
Yogyakarta
Presidential Palace is located at the southern end of Jl. Akhmad Yani
Istana Kepresidenan Dari Depan (formerly Jl. Malioboro); Ngupasan,
Gondomanan Sub District, Yogyakarta. The complex was built on 43,585
meters per square land. Since it was built, the palace has not changed
much.
At
the front yard, stands a two meters tall statue of a giant gurding the
entrance (Dwarapala). Moreover, there is a 3 and half meters “tuguâ€
(a statue in the form of tall pillar) named ‘Tugu Dagoba†(the
Yogyakartans call it “Tugu Lilin/candleâ€), with artificial flame on
top. It is made of “andesite†rock. The backyard is full of big
trees shading the presidential palace with their thick leaves.
Yogyakarta Presidential Palace is also well known as “Gedung Agungâ€
(the Great Building) or “Gedung Negara†(the State Building). One of
the main functions of the main building of the palace is a place to
receive royal guests.
Yogyakarta
Presidential Palace was formerly an officicial house of the 18th
Resident in Yogyakarta (1823 – 1825). He was a Dutch named Anthonie
Hendriks Smissaert, who was also the one initiating the construction of
the “Gedung Agungâ€. The building was built in May 1824 by A. Payen,
an architect appointed by the Governor General of West Indies. The
construction was temporarily delayed due to the Diponegoro War (1825 –
1830) and continued after the war was over (1832). Among several Dutch
governors who lived in the building were J.E. Jesper (1926 – 1927);
P.R.W. van Gesseler Verschuur (1929 – 1932); H.M. de Kock (1932 –
1935); J. Bijlevel (1935 – 1940); and L. Adam (1940 – 1942). At the
time of Japan colonization, the palace served as the official house for
the leader in Yogyakarta, Koochi Zimmukyoku Tyookan.
On
6 January 1946, Yogyakarta was announced as the capital city of the
Republic of Indonesia after the Indonesian Government moved from Jakarta
to Yogyakarta. At that time, “Gedung Agung†became a Presdintial
Palace, a home for president Soekarno, the first President of the
Republic of Indonesia, as well as his family.
On
28 December 1949, President Soekarno moved to Jakarta, and since then
the palace was no longer the home of the president. After the
independence, when the second president of the Republic of Indonesia
ruled to be exact, since 17 April 1988, Yogyakarta Presidential
Palace/â€Gedung Agung†has been functioning as a place to conduct the
Afternoon Parade Ceremony every 17 August, to hold initiation events
for the Indonesian Air Forces’ newcomers as well as farewel parties
between the Indonesian Armed Forces junior officer graduates and the
Governor and people of Yogyakarta. Furthermore, since 17 August 1991,
D.I. Yogyakarta has been commemorating the Seconds of the Proclamation
of the Independence at Yogyakarta Presidential Palace.
Tag :
Government
Palaces: Cipanas Palace
Cipanas Presidential Palace is located in Cipanas Village, Pacet Sub
District, Cianjur Regency, at the foot of Mountain Gede, West Java,
reconstructed from a “bantunan†(a house of landlord) built in 1740
by a Dutch landlord named Van Heots, 1,100 meters above sea level on
approximately 26 acres of land and the building is 7,760 meters per
square. In 1916, when the Dutch governed, three buildings were
constructed and until now they are called Pavilion Yudistira, Pavilion
Bima and Pavilion Arjuna. In 1954, when the first Indonesian President,
Ir. Soekarno governed, a building doted by stones was built (Bentol
Building).
Bentol Building
Bentol
Building is situated behind the main buildings, on the slope of the
mountain, therefore it is taller than the other buildings, and it is a
product of two Indonesian architects: R.M. Soedarsono and F. Silaban.
The atmosphere is quiet and serene and these qualities were beneficial
for President Soekarno in formulating plans and strategies in leading
the nation, which were manifested in a state speech delivered in every
commemoration day of the proclamation of independence.
At
the back of the main buildings, several other buildings exist, but the
most influential entity for Cipanas Presidential Palace is the source of
hot water, which is rich with minerals.
istcpns2.jpgThe hot water is good for health, therefore two buildings were built to accommodate the stream of the hot water. One of the building is specially provided as a bathing facility for the president, the vice president and their family, while the other one goes for the group of staff accompanying the president and the vice president
The
palace was encircled by beatiful natural surrounding, blessed with
fresh cool air and Mountain Gede as its background. In the forest of the
palace, until 2001, according to a catalog composed alphabetically,
which was published by the Presidential Palace in cooperation with LIPI
(the national scientific Council), live 1,334 speciments, 171 species,
132 “marga†and 61 tribes. Other than beautiful natural surrounding,
the palace have plenty natural warm water. The palace serves as a
resting house for the president, the vice president and their family as
well as a place to spend the night for visiting heads of states. In
1971, Queen Yuliana spent time visiting the palace.
Bentol Building
Bentol
Building is situated behind the main buildings, on the slope of the
mountain, therefore it is taller than the other buildings, and it is a
product of two Indonesian architects: R.M. Soedarsono and F. Silaban.
The atmosphere is quiet and serene and these qualities were beneficial
for President Soekarno in formulating plans and strategies in leading
the nation, which were manifested in a state speech delivered in every
commemoration day of the proclamation of independence.President's Bathing Facility
At
the back of the main buildings, several other buildings exist, but the
most influential entity for Cipanas Presidential Palace is the source of
hot water, which is rich with minerals.istcpns2.jpgThe hot water is good for health, therefore two buildings were built to accommodate the stream of the hot water. One of the building is specially provided as a bathing facility for the president, the vice president and their family, while the other one goes for the group of staff accompanying the president and the vice president
Tag :
Government
Palaces: Tampak Siring Palace
Tampaksiring Presidential Palace is situated approximately 700 meters
above sea level, located on the hills in Tampaksiring Village,
Tampaksiring Sub District, Wisma MerdekaGianyar Regency, Bali. The
palace is the one and only palace constructed at the time when the
Indonesian Government rules (1957 – 1960). Initiated by the first
President of Republic of Indonesia, Soekarno, the palace was built by a
hundred percent Indonesian architects and constructors
Tampaksiring Palace does not only function as a place to convene state or governmental events which include the presence of the president or the vice president, but also serves as a resting house for the president, the vice president and their family. Among various state guests recorded to have visited tha palace were President Ne Win from Burma (presently Myanmar), President Tito from Yugoslavia, President Ho Chi Minh from Vietnam, Prime Minister Nehru from India, Prime Minister Khruschev from the Uni Soviet, Queen Juliana from the Netherlands and Emperor Hirohito from Japan.
Presently, the complex of Tampaksiring Presidential Palace consists of five main Wisma Negara buildings and one “pendapa†(hall). Two of the main buildings are called Merdeka House (1,200 meters per square) and Negara House (1,476 meters per square), separated by two slopes around 15 meters deep but connected by a 40 meters bridge, the other three main buildings are called Yudhistira House, Bima House, a conference room as well as Balai Wantilan.
The
name, Tampaksiring, is taken from two Balinese words. “Tampakâ€
means sole of foot and “siring†means slanting. According to a
legend recorded on Usana Bali lontar leaf (lontar leaf was used as paper
in ancient time), the name was originally rooted from the trace of feet
of a king named Mayadenawa. The forest roamed through by King Mayadewa
by walking with slanting feet is the area now called Tampaksiring
(slanting sole).
Tampaksiring was constructed
gradually, the architect was R.M. Soedarsono. The first buildings to be
built were Merdeka House and Yudhistira House in 1957 and the
construction was completed in 1963. Furthermore, to accommodate the XIV
ASEAN Summit in Bali on 7 – 8 October 2003, a new building was built
and Balai (a conference room) Wantilan was renovated, a new entrance
building accompanied by Bentar Temple, Kori Agung, parking lot as well
as Balai Bengong were also constructed. Tampaksiring Palace does not only function as a place to convene state or governmental events which include the presence of the president or the vice president, but also serves as a resting house for the president, the vice president and their family. Among various state guests recorded to have visited tha palace were President Ne Win from Burma (presently Myanmar), President Tito from Yugoslavia, President Ho Chi Minh from Vietnam, Prime Minister Nehru from India, Prime Minister Khruschev from the Uni Soviet, Queen Juliana from the Netherlands and Emperor Hirohito from Japan.
Presently, the complex of Tampaksiring Presidential Palace consists of five main Wisma Negara buildings and one “pendapa†(hall). Two of the main buildings are called Merdeka House (1,200 meters per square) and Negara House (1,476 meters per square), separated by two slopes around 15 meters deep but connected by a 40 meters bridge, the other three main buildings are called Yudhistira House, Bima House, a conference room as well as Balai Wantilan.
Tag :
Government
Palaces: Bogor Palace
Bogor Presidential Palace is
located in Paledang, Sub District of Central Bogor Istana Kepresidenan
BogorCity, Bogor, East Java. It is approximately 60 km from Jakarta or
43 km from Cipanas. The palace is situated on 28.86 acres level land.
290 meters above sea level, the palace is in a city blessed with mild
climate, a cool city where people come to refresh themselves. The palace
is blessed with beautiful and cozy natural surrounding. The garden of
the palace is trimmed nicely it serves as a giant green carpet
encircling the palace. All you can see is fresh green grasses shaded by
346 types of trees. 591 deers live around the garden, running here and
there; and the ponds accentuated by lotuses and fountains enhance its
beauty.
The history of Bogor Presidential Palace can be tracked down from the time when a Dutch Governor General was in a search of a resting house and managed to find a villa (10 August 1744) called Buitenzorg (free from problems). He himself redesigned and rebuilt the place (1745 – 1750), imitating the architecture of Bleinhem Palace, the residence of Duke Malborough, located near Oxford, England.
A natural disaster struck on 10 October 1834. An earthquake brought a great destruction to the palace. When Governor General Albertus Yacob Duijmayer Van Twist ruled (1851 – 1856), the ruin of the old building was torn down and then it was rebuilt, using the IX Century European architecture. In 1870, the Buitenzorg was announced as the official residence of Dutch Governor Generals. The last resident of the Buitenzorg Palace was Governor General Tjarda van Starkenborg Stachhourwer, who was forced to submit the palace to General Imamura from the Japan colonizers. However, not less than 44 Governor Generals lived in the palace. After the independence, the Indonesian Government took over the palace (1950).
The
Presidential Palace, at the times of Dutch colonization, mainly
functioned as a villa for the residents to relax, but after the
independence, it has been functioning as a presidential office and
official residence of the President of the Republic of Indonesia.
Consequently, the following historical events took place at Bogor Presidential Palace:
The history of Bogor Presidential Palace can be tracked down from the time when a Dutch Governor General was in a search of a resting house and managed to find a villa (10 August 1744) called Buitenzorg (free from problems). He himself redesigned and rebuilt the place (1745 – 1750), imitating the architecture of Bleinhem Palace, the residence of Duke Malborough, located near Oxford, England.
A natural disaster struck on 10 October 1834. An earthquake brought a great destruction to the palace. When Governor General Albertus Yacob Duijmayer Van Twist ruled (1851 – 1856), the ruin of the old building was torn down and then it was rebuilt, using the IX Century European architecture. In 1870, the Buitenzorg was announced as the official residence of Dutch Governor Generals. The last resident of the Buitenzorg Palace was Governor General Tjarda van Starkenborg Stachhourwer, who was forced to submit the palace to General Imamura from the Japan colonizers. However, not less than 44 Governor Generals lived in the palace. After the independence, the Indonesian Government took over the palace (1950).
The Main Building as a Presidential Office
The
Presidential Palace, at the times of Dutch colonization, mainly
functioned as a villa for the residents to relax, but after the
independence, it has been functioning as a presidential office and
official residence of the President of the Republic of Indonesia. Consequently, the following historical events took place at Bogor Presidential Palace:
- Five States Conference (28 – 29 December 1954)
- The signing of 11 March 1966 Letter of Order, well known as Supersemar
- The discussion of conflict in Cambodia, Jakarta Informal Meeting (JIM)
- APEC Summit (15 November 1994)
Tag :
Government
Palaces: The Jakarta Palace
The Jakarta Presidential
Palaces consists of two palaces: the Merdeka Palace, which faces Monas,
and the Negara Palace (State Palace), accrross Ciliwung River and Jl.
Veteran. Several other buildings are also located in the complex of the
palaces. They are the Presidential Office, the House of State,
Baiturrahim Mosque and the Museum of Presidential Palaces. In the garden
grow big old shading trees with long dangling roots as well as grasses
covering the land like a green carpet and all these succeeds to make the
Jakarta Presidential Palaces a shady cool place.
Mainly functioning as a place
to convene presidential events, the Jakarta Presidential Palaces also
serve as the Office of the President of the Republic of Indonesia, the
centre of governmental activities and a place to hold state events, to
have Indonesian Armed Forces’ junior officers sworn in, to receive
state guests, a place for ambassadors from other countries to submit
their credentials to the President of the Republic of Indonesia, a place
to hold the opening ceremony of national meetings and workshops,
national or international congresses and a place for commemorating the
moment of proclamation of independence of the Republic of Indonesia
every August 17. Negara Palace
Negara Palace is a witness of numerous historical events, among them are the moment when General de Kock laid out his scheme to bring to an end Prince Diponegoro’s fight and formulate his strategy to deal with Tuanku Imam Bonjol to Governor General Baron Van der Capellen, and the time when Governor General Johannes van de Bosch applied the cultuurstelsel system.Subsequent to the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, on 25 March 1947, the building also witnessed the signing of Linggarjati Agreement by Sultan Sjahrir from the Indonesian side and Dr. Van Mook representing the Netherlands.
Merdeka Palace
Merdeka
Palace was built in 1879 and it recorded many important events, which
are influential to Indonesian governmental stance, hence, it owns a
special place at the heart of Indonesian people. One
of them is the history of the title of the place itself: “Merdekaâ€
(Independent). The word “Merdeka†is truly significant, it is a
symbol of hope that emphasizes the end of colonization on Indonesian
land as well as the beginning of life as an independent nation.On 27 December 1949, Merdeka Palace witnessed the historical event concerning the Netherlands’ recognition of the independence of the United Republic of Indonesia proceeded through a series of ceremony conducted both in Amsterdam, the Netherlands at 10 a.m. and in Jakarta and Yogyakarta, Indonesia at 4 p.m. That day, the whole country was waiting for the radio broadcast from Jakarta announcing the tremendous news, the news on the signing and the submission of the text conveying the Netherlands’ recognition of the United Republic of Indonesia’s independence.
At the same time, the Red and White Flag rose before the Independence Palace, taking over the place of the Netherland flag, the Indonesia Raya anthem was sung and people all over Indonesia shouted “Merdeka!, merdeka!, merdeka!†As a result, the palace is called Merdeka Palace.
The commemoration of the independence of the Republic of Indonesia was first held on 17 August 1950 in Merdeka Palace. The State Palace.
Tag :
Government
Politics and Government
Indonesia conducts a type of governance
that is a multy-party presidential republic that is democratic. As in
other democratic countries, the Indonesian political system is based on
the Trias Politica that recognizes the separation of the
legislative, executive and judicial powers. The legislative power is
vested in the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) that consists of two
houses namely the House of Representatives (DPR) - composed of
representatives of political parties, and the Regional Representatives
Council (DPD) - composed of representatives from each province in
Indonesia. Each province is represented by 4 delegates that are elected
by the people in the respective region.
The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) was previously the highest state institution. However, in the wake of the Fourth Amendment of the 1945 Constitution, the MPR no longer holds that position. The membership of the MPR was modified following the period of 1999-2004, to include not only the members of the parliament (DPR) but also the members of the DPD. The DPR members and the DPD members are elected every five years. Since 2004, the MPR has become a bicameral parliament with the DPD as its second chamber. Previously, members of the Assembly (MPR) are all members of the House (DPR) in addition to representatives of groups. The MPR is currently chaired by Taufik Kiemas, and is composed of 550 members of the DPR and 128 members of the DPD. The DPR is chaired by Marzuki Ali, whereas the DPD is currently chaired by Irman Gusman.
The executive branch is centralized on the president, vice president, and the cabinet of ministers. The cabinet in Indonesia is a presidential one, in which the ministers report to the president and do not represent the political parties in the parliament. However, the current President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who is supported by the Democratic Party, also appoints a number of political party leaders to become members of his cabinet. The objective is to maintain government stability, mindful of the strong position that the legislative branch holds in Indonesia. Nonetheless, important and strategic ministerial posts are generally held by ministers without party portfolios (originating from figures who are deemed experts in their field).
The judicial powers - since the reform era and after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution - are administered by the Supreme Court, the Judicial Commission, and the Constitutional Court, including the administration of the judges. However, the presence of the Minister of Justice and Human Rights is retained.
The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) was previously the highest state institution. However, in the wake of the Fourth Amendment of the 1945 Constitution, the MPR no longer holds that position. The membership of the MPR was modified following the period of 1999-2004, to include not only the members of the parliament (DPR) but also the members of the DPD. The DPR members and the DPD members are elected every five years. Since 2004, the MPR has become a bicameral parliament with the DPD as its second chamber. Previously, members of the Assembly (MPR) are all members of the House (DPR) in addition to representatives of groups. The MPR is currently chaired by Taufik Kiemas, and is composed of 550 members of the DPR and 128 members of the DPD. The DPR is chaired by Marzuki Ali, whereas the DPD is currently chaired by Irman Gusman.
The executive branch is centralized on the president, vice president, and the cabinet of ministers. The cabinet in Indonesia is a presidential one, in which the ministers report to the president and do not represent the political parties in the parliament. However, the current President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who is supported by the Democratic Party, also appoints a number of political party leaders to become members of his cabinet. The objective is to maintain government stability, mindful of the strong position that the legislative branch holds in Indonesia. Nonetheless, important and strategic ministerial posts are generally held by ministers without party portfolios (originating from figures who are deemed experts in their field).
The judicial powers - since the reform era and after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution - are administered by the Supreme Court, the Judicial Commission, and the Constitutional Court, including the administration of the judges. However, the presence of the Minister of Justice and Human Rights is retained.
Tag :
Government
National Anthem
The Indonesia Raya (Great
Indonesia) song is the national anthem of the Indonesian nation, and it
was composed by W.R. Supratman in 1924. The Youth Pledge Day, on 28
October 1928, was the very first time that the Indonesia Raya song was sung. On 17 August 1945, on the Indonesian independence day, the Indonesia Raya song was sung, and has, ever since, been designated as the national anthem of Indonesia.
Indonesia Raya
Composed by W.R. SupratmanIndonesia tanah airku
Tanah tumpah darahku
Di sanalah aku berdiri
Jadi pandu ibuku
Indonesia kebangsaanku
Bangsa dan Tanah Airku
Marilah kita berseru
Indonesia bersatu
Hiduplah tanahku
Hiduplah negriku
Bangsaku Rakyatku semuanya
Bangunlah jiwanya
Bangunlah badannya
Untuk Indonesia Raya
Indonesia Raya
Merdeka Merdeka
Tanahku negriku yang kucinta
Indonesia Raya
Merdeka Merdeka
Hiduplah Indonesia Raya
Indonesia Raya
Merdeka Merdeka
Tanahku negriku yang kucinta
Indonesia Raya
Merdeka Merdeka
Hiduplah Indonesia Raya
Indonesia Tanah yang mulia
Tanah kita yang kaya
Di sanalah aku berada Untuk slama-lamanya
Indonesia Tanah pusaka Pusaka Kita semuanya
Marilah kita mendoa Indonesia bahagia
Suburlah Tanahnya Suburlah jiwanya
Bangsanya Rakyatnya semuanya
Sadarlah hatinya Sadarlah budinya
Untuk Indonesia Raya
Indonesia Tanah yang suci Tanah kita yang sakti
Disanalah aku berdiri Njaga ibu sejati
Indonesia! Tanah berseri Tanah yang aku sayangi
Marilah kita berjanji Indonesia abadi
Slamatlah Rakyatnya Slamatlah putranya
Pulaunya lautnya semuanya
Majulah Negrinya Majulah Pandunya
Untuk Indonesia Raya
Tag :
Government
National Flag
A State that is independent is very proud
to fly its State flag. Similarly, the Indonesian nation is proud to have
the red and white colors as the colors of the flag of Indonesia. Red
means courage. White means purity. This pride of the Indonesian nation
is even stipulated in Article 35 of the 1945 Constitution, which states
that the flag of the State of Indonesia is the Red and White.
Tag :
Government
National Language
Language is a tool of communication
between one human being with another. The Indonesian state, which
consists of various regions and ethnic groups, possesses a variety of
regional languages. Nevertheless, the unifying language or the national
language in use is the Indonesian language (bahasa Indonesia).
Article 36 of the 1945 Constitution clearly stipulates that the State language is the Indonesian language.
Article 36 of the 1945 Constitution clearly stipulates that the State language is the Indonesian language.
Tag :
Government
State Form
The form of the State of Indonesia is a
Unitary State in the form of a Republic, or better known as the Unitary
State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). This statement is expressly
stated in Article 1 of the 1945 Constitution. Indonesia has experienced
several changes of state form, namely: a federal state form, a unitary
or a parliamentary system of government, semi-presidential, and
presidential.
In his speech on 17 August 2007, the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Dr. H. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, stated that the most appropriate form for the Indonesian state is the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). The four primary pillars that constitute the basic values and consensus that have supported the steady standing of the Republic of Indonesia are: Pancasila, the Constitution of 1945, Unity in Diversity and the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI).
In his speech on 17 August 2007, the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Dr. H. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, stated that the most appropriate form for the Indonesian state is the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). The four primary pillars that constitute the basic values and consensus that have supported the steady standing of the Republic of Indonesia are: Pancasila, the Constitution of 1945, Unity in Diversity and the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI).
Tag :
Government
State Emblem
The 1945 Constitution explains that the State Emblem of Indonesia is the Garuda Pancasila with the motto of "Unity in Diversity". The Garuda Pancasila song was composed by Sudharnoto as a compulsory song of the Indonesian struggle.
The Garuda Pancasila
Garuda Pancasila Song Lyrics:
Garuda pancasila
Akulah pendukungmu
Patriot proklamasi
Sedia berkorban untukmu
Pancasila dasar negara
Rakyat adil makmur sentosa
Pribadi bangsaku
Ayo maju maju
Ayo maju maju
Ayo maju maju
The Garuda Pancasila
The Meaning of the Garuda Pancasila Emblem
The Garuda bird symbolizes strength. The golden color on the Garuda bird symbolizes glory. The shield in the middle symbolizes the defense of the Indonesian nation. Each symbol on the shield symbolizes each precept of the Pancasila, namely:- The Star symbolizes the principle of Belief in One Supreme God [1st precept].
- The Chain symbolizes the principle of Just and Civilized Humanity [2nd precept].
- The Banyan tree symbolizes the principle of The Unity of Indonesia [3rd precept].
- The Bull's Head symbolizes the principle of Democracy that is Guided by the Inner Wisdom in the Unanimity Arising Out of Deliberations Amongst Representatives [4th precept].
- The Rice and Cotton symbolize the principle of Social Justice for the Entire People of Indonesia [5th precept].
The meaning of the number of feathers on the Garuda Bird
The total number of feathers symbolizes the date of the proclamation of Indonesian independence (17 August 1945):- The number of feathers on each wing totals 17;
- The number of feathers on the tail totals 8;
- The number of feathers below the shield / base of tail totals 19; and
- The number of feathers on the neck totals 45.
Tag :
Government
The Geography of Indonesia
The Geography of Indonesia
The Republic of Indonesia (RI), or
familiarly known as Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia that is
located on the equator and situated between the Asian and Australian
continents and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. As it lies between
two continents and two oceans, Indonesia is also called "Nusantara"
(archipelago in between). Consisting of 17,508 islands, Indonesia is the
largest archipelagic country in the world.
With a population of 222 million people in 2006, Indonesia is the
fourth most populous country in the world and the country with the
largest Muslim population in the world, although it is officially not an
Islamic state. The Indonesian government type is a republic, where the
House of Representatives and the president are directly elected. The
capital city of Indonesia is Jakarta. Indonesia shares borders with
Malaysia on Borneo island, with Papua New Guinea on Papua island, and
with East Timor on Timor island. Other neighboring countries include
Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and the union territory of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.The history of Indonesia has been influenced by other nations. The Indonesian archipelago became an important trading area at least since the 7th century, when the Kingdom of Sriwijaya established religious and trade relations with China and India. Hindu and Buddhist Kingdoms have developed in the early AD centuries, followed by the traders who brought Islam, and also came various European countries who fought with one another to monopolize the spice trade in the Moluccas during the era of ocean exploration. After about 350 years of Dutch rule, Indonesia declared its independence at the end of World War II. Subsequently, Indonesia faced challenges from natural disasters, corruption, separatism, the process of democratization and the period of rapid economic change.
Stretching from Sabang to Merauke, Indonesia consists of various ethnic, linguistic and religious diversities. The Javanese are the largest ethnic group and, politically, the most dominant. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity"), means a diversity that builds the country. Besides having a large population and densely-populated regions, Indonesia possesses a natural area that supports the second highest level of biodiversity in the world.
 |
||
|
Capital (and the largest city) |
Jakarta | |
|
Official Language |
Bahasa Indonesia | |
|---|---|---|
| Government | Presidential Republic | |
| - | President | Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono |
| - |
Vice-President |
Boediono |
| Independence | ||
| - | Proclaimed | 17 August 1945 |
| - | Recognized (as RIS: United States of Indonesia) | 27 December 1949 |
| - |
Back to RI (Republic of Indonesia) |
17 August 1950 |
| Area size | ||
| - | Total |
1,904,569 sq km (15) 1 sq mi |
| - | Water (%) | 4,85% |
| Population | ||
| - | 19 June 2009 (estimate) | 230.472.833[1] (4) |
| - | 2000 census | 206.264.595 |
| - | Density |
134/sq km (84) 347/sq mi |
| GDP (KKB) | 2007 estimate | |
| - | Total | US$1.038 billion[2] (15) |
| - | Per capita | US$4.356[3] (114) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2007 estimate | |
| - | Total | US$408 billion[2] |
| - | Per capita | US$1.812[3] |
| IPM (2004) | 0,711 (medium) (108) | |
| Currency | Rupiah (Rp) (IDR) | |
|
Time Zones |
WIB, WITA, WIT (UTC+7, +8, +9) | |
|
Driving on |
the left |
|
| TLD | .id | |
| Telephone Code | 62 | |
Tag :
Government
